Mastering WGU D422 – Discrete Math: Algorithms and Cryptography

Mastering WGU D422 – Discrete Math: Algorithms and Cryptography

Introduction

WGU D422 – Discrete Math: Algorithms and Cryptography covers advanced discrete math topics for computer science. Looking for “WGU D422 tips,” “how to pass WGU D422,” or “WGU D422 Reddit”? This guide provides resources, strategies, and student insights to excel.

Course Description

D422 focuses on algorithms (e.g., sorting, graph algorithms) and cryptography (e.g., RSA, hash functions). Students learn mathematical foundations for secure computing, vital for cybersecurity and software development roles. See the WGU Computer Science Program Guide.

Useful Resources & Tips

Student-recommended resources:

  • WGU Materials: Use zyBooks and algorithm labs.
  • Reddit (r/WGU): Find D422 tips in CS threads. Visit r/WGU.
  • LeetCode: Practice algorithm problems.
  • YouTube: Watch Abdul Bari for algorithm tutorials.
  • Studocu: Reference D422 study guides.
  • WGU Cohorts: Join for peer support.

Mode of Assessment

D422 is an Objective Assessment (OA), a multiple-choice exam on algorithms and cryptography concepts. No Performance Assessment (PA).

Common Challenges

Reported issues:

  • Understanding complex algorithms like Dijkstra’s.
  • Grasping cryptographic concepts like public-key encryption.
  • Memorizing mathematical proofs.
  • Preparing for diverse OA questions.

How to Pass Easily

Strategies for D422:

  1. Study zyBooks: Complete all exercises for core concepts.
  2. Practice Algorithms: Solve LeetCode problems.
  3. Review Cryptography: Use Khan Academy for basics.
  4. Take Practice OAs: Use WGU pre-assessments.
  5. Join Cohorts: Engage for clarification.

Conclusion

WGU D422 – Discrete Math: Algorithms and Cryptography builds critical CS skills. With focused study, you’ll pass the OA easily. See WGU course guides for more.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is WGU D422 hard?

D422 is challenging due to complex math, but manageable with practice.

How long does WGU D422 take?

Typically 3–5 weeks, depending on math background.

Is WGU D422 an OA or PA?

It’s an Objective Assessment (OA) with multiple-choice questions.

What are the key topics on the exam?

Algorithms (sorting, graph), cryptography (RSA, hash functions).

What’s the best way to study for WGU D422?

Use zyBooks, practice LeetCode, review cryptography, and take practice OAs.

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Question 1

Concepts for Analysis 16-6 (EPS Concepts and Effect of Transactions on EPS) Chorkina Corporation, a new audit client of yours, has not reported earnings per share data in its annual reports to stockholders in the past. The treasurer, Beth Botsford, requested that you furnish information about the reporting of earnings per share data in the current year's annual report in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Instructions (a) Define the term ?earnings per share? as it applies to a corporation with a capitalization structure composed of only one class of common stock. Explain how earnings per share should be computed and how the information should be disclosed in the corporation's financial statements. (b) Discuss the treatment, if any, that should be given to each of the following items in computing earnings per share of common stock for financial statement reporting. 1. Outstanding preferred stock issued at a premium with a par value liquidation right. 2. The exercise at a price below market value but above book value of a common stock option issued during the current fiscal year to officers of the corporation. 3. The replacement of a machine immediately prior to the close of the current fiscal year at a cost 20% above the original cost of the replaced machine. The new machine will perform the same function as the old machine that was sold for its book value. 4. The declaration of current dividends on cumulative preferred stock. 5. The acquisition of some of the corporation's outstanding common stock during the current fiscal year. The stock was classified as treasury stock. 6. A 2-for-1 stock split of common stock during the current fiscal year. 7. A provision created out of retained earnings for a contingent liability from a possible lawsuit.

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Question 2

"The Vintage Restaurant is located on Captiva Island, a resort community near Fort Myers, Florida. The restaurant, which is owened and operated by Karen Payne, just completed its third year of operation. During this time, Karen sought to establish a reputation for the restaurant as a high-quality dining establishment that specialized in fresh seafood. The efforts made by Karen and her staff proved successful, and her restaurant is currently one of the best and fastest grwoing restaurants on the island. Karen concluded that to plan better for the growth of the restaurant in the future, she needs to develop a system that will enable her to forecast food and beverage sales by month for up to one year in advance. Karen compiled the following data on total food and beverage sales for the three years of operation: Food and Beverage Sales for the Vinatage Restaurant($1000s) MONTH FIRST YEAR SECOND YEAR THIRD YEAR January 242 263 282 February 235 238 255 March 232 247 265 April 178 193 205 May 184 193 210 June 140 149 160 July 145 157 166 August 152 161 174 September 110 122 126 October 130 130 148 November 152 167 173 December 206 230 235 Peform an analysis of the sales data for the Vinatage Restaurant. 1. A graph of the time series 2. An analysis of the seasonality of the data. Indicate the seasonal indexes for each month, and comment on the high seasonal and low seasonal sales month. Do the seasonal indexes make intuitive sense? 3. Forcast sales for January through December of the fourth year. 4. Recommendations as to when the system that you developed should be updated to account for the new sales data that will occur. 5. Detailed calculations of your analysis in an appendix to your report. "

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Question 3

The price of a stock is currently $55. The price of a one-year European call option on the stock with a strike price of 55 is quoted as $15 and the price of a one-year European call option on the stock with a strike price of $45 is quoted as $12. Q1: Suppose that an investor buys 100 shares of stock, shorts 100 call options, and buys 100 put options. Construct a table showing the investor?s profit or loss as a function of the stock price. Hints: To answer this, construct a column in Excel of stock prices ranging from $10 to $100 in increments of 1. Then use the next 3 columns to calculate the stock, put, call profits (one column for each position). Then add the profits from the three positions (stock, put, call). Finally, use Excel to graph the portfolio profit (y-axis) as a function of stock price (x-axis). Specifically, use scatterplot in Excel. If you don?t know how, then type ?scatterplot? in Excel help and follow the instruction. Your profit plot for the put option should look similar to Figure 9.2 in page 208. Q2: Suppose that an investor buys 100 shares, shorts 200 call options, and buys 200 put options. Construct a table showing the investor?s profit or loss as a function of the stock price. Graph the portfolio profit as a function of stock price. The total profit should look like a zigzag (down/up/down) pattern.

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Question 4

"**Please answer and show all calculations formulas ETC. and insert solutions to the excel file attached. Thanks 1. The following information was taken from the balance sheet of Herman Corporation on December 31, 2009: Preferred stock, 8%, $100 par value, . . . . . . . . $3,000,000 Common stock, $10 par value, 300,000 shares authorized; __??__ shares issued and _??____ outstanding .................................. 1,600,000 Additional paid-in capital In excess of par value-common................... 400,000 Retained Earnings .................................. 700,000 Treasury stock (5,000 shares)............... 150,000 INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following statements and show your computations. (a) The number of shares of common stock issued was _______________. (b) The total annual preferred stock dividend is_______________. (c) The total legal capital is ______________________. (d) The total Paid-In-Capital is_____________________. (e) The number of shares of common stock outstanding was __________. (f) The average sales price of the common stock per share when issued was $__________. (g) The cost per share of the treasury stock was $_____________. 2. The Battle Corporation is authorized to issue 25,000 shares of 6%, $100 par value preferred stock and 800,000 shares of $2 par value common stock. During 2009, its first year of operation, the company has the following stock transactions. Jan. 1 Issued 200,000 shares of common stock for cash at $5 per share. Jan. 15 Issued 6,000 shares of preferred stock for cash at $108 per share. Mar. 2 Attorneys for the company accepted 7,000 shares of common stock as payment for legal services rendered in helping the company incorporate. The legal services are estimated to have a value of $42,000. Apr. 30 Issued 50,000 shares of stock for land. The land had an asking price of $400,000. The stock is currently selling on a national exchange at $8 per share. Sept. 5 Purchased 9,000 shares of common treasury stock at $12 per share. Dec. 6 Sold 4,000 shares of the treasury stock at $13 per share. Dec. 10 Sold the remaining treasury stock for $15 per share. Dec. 31 Determined that net income for the year was $250,000. INSTRUCTIONS Journalize the transactions for Battle Corporation. 3. The following information is from the accounts of Altoona, Inc. at December 31, 2009. Common Stock, $6 par value, 500,000 shares authorized, $2,400,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value--Common Stock 600,000 Preferred Stock, $50 par value, 10%, 50,000 shares authorized 800,000 Retained Earnings at January 1, 2009 900,000 Treasury Stock (15,000 common shares) 75,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value--Preferred Stock 300,000 Cash dividends declared on preferred stock 20,000 Prior period adjustment that was recorded as a credit to Retained Earnings for an error discovered from 2007???? 7,000 Net income for 2009 80,000 INSTRUCTIONS a. Prepare a statement of retained earnings at December 31, 2009. b. Prepare the stockholders' equity section at December 31, 2009. 4. Prepare a 2009 income statement (in proper form!) for Carney Corporation based on the following information: Cost of goods sold $600,000 Operating expenses 100,000 Other expenses and losses 50,000 Net Sales 900,000 Tax rate 25% 5. On January 1, 2009, Allen Corporation had 200,000 shares of $5 par value common stock outstanding. On December 15, the board of directors declared a 9% stock dividend to stockholders of record On December 31, 2009, payable on January 15,2010. The market value of Allen Corporation stock was $15 per share on December 15. INSTRUCTIONS (1) Journalize the declaration of the stock dividend on December 15. (2) Journalize the distribution of the stock dividend on January 15. 6. On January 1, 2009, Micro Machines Corporation had 700,000 shares of $3 par value common stock issued and outstanding. During the year, the following transactions occurred: June 1 Declared a cash dividend of $1.75 per share to stockholders of record on June 15. June 30 Paid the cash dividend. July 1 Announced a 2-for-1 stock split to be distributed on August 1. Oct. 1 Declared a cash dividend of $0.60 per share. Dec. 31 Recorded the entry for accrued income taxes for the year,$35,000. INSTRUCTIONS Prepare journal entries if necessary to record the above transactions. 7. Grant Corp. is considering two alternatives for the financing of some high technology digital equipment. These two alternatives are: Plan A. Issue 300,000 shares of $6 par value common stock at $20 per share. Plan B. Issue $6,000,000, 5%, 20-year bonds at par. It is estimated that the company will earn $5,000,000 before Interest and taxes as a result of acquiring the digital equipment. The company has an estimated tax rate of 22% and has 200,000 shares of common stock outstanding prior to the new financing. INSTRUCTIONS a. Determine the effect on net income and earnings per share for these two methods of financing. b. Which plan should Grant accept and why? 8. On July 1, 2009, Leary Corporation issued $500,000, 12%, 10-year bonds dated July 1, 2009, at 105. The bonds pay semiannual interest on January 1 and July 1. The company uses the straight-line method of amortization and has a calendar year end. INSTRUCTIONS Prepare the journal entries that Leary Corporation would make On the following dates: a. July 1, 2009 b. December 31, 2009 c. January 1, 2010. 9. On January 1, 2009, Lerner Corporation issued $150,000, 8%, 10-year bonds, dated January 1, 2009, at 98. The bonds pay interest semiannually on January 1 and July 1. The company uses the straight-line method of amortization and has a calendar year end. INSTRUCTIONS Prepare the journal entries that Lerner Corporation would make related to the bond issue on the dates indicated below: a. January 1, 2009 b. July 1, 2009 10. Selected transactions of Eller Company are listed below. 1. Increase in accounts receivable. 2. Bonds payable are issued for cash at a premium. 3. Receipt of dividends on investment in stock. 4. Land is sold for cash at book value. 5. Purchase of treasury stock. 6. Equipment is purchased by signing a 3-year, 10% note payable. 7. Cash dividends on common stock are declared and paid. 8. 100 shares of Xerox common stock are purchased for cash. 9. Decrease in inventory. 10. Bonds payable are converted into common stock. 11. Increase in accounts payable. 12. Issued common stock for cash above par value. INSTRUCTIONS Classify each transaction as either a(n)operating activity, investing activity, financing activity, or non-cash investing and financing activity using the following code: O=Operating activity I=Investing activity F=Financing activity NC=non-cash investing and financing activity 11. The comparative balance sheets for Lang Company appear below: LANG COMPANY Comparative Balance Sheet Dec. 31, Dec. 31, 2009 2008 Assets Cash $ 61,000 $12,000 Accounts receivable 5,000 8,000 Prepaid expenses 2,000 3,000 Inventory 11,000 7,000 Land 0 0 Building 20,000 20,000 Accumulated depreciation?Bldg (3,000) (2,000) Total assets $96,000 $48,000 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Accounts payable $ 1,700 $ 3,200 Income Tax Payable 300 800 Bonds payable 13,000 14,000 Common stock 38,000 18,000 Retained earnings 43,000 12,000 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $96,000 $48,000 The income statement for Lang contains the following information: Sales $143,500 Loss on sale 2,500 Cost of Goods Sold 78,000 Operating Expenses 10,000 Depreciation Expense 1,000 Income Tax Expense 2,000 Net Income $50,000 Additional information: 1. Cash dividends of $19,000 were declared and paid during the year. 2. Land costing $20,000 was acquired by issuing common stock. 3. The land in #2 was later sold for $17,500 cash. INSTRUCTIONS a. Prepare a statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2009, using the indirect method. b. Compute free cash flow for 2009.

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Question 5

1. XYZ Corporation is an all-equity financed firm with 5 million shares outstanding. The firm has perpetual EBIT of $10 million. Its current cost of equity with this all-equity capital structure is 10%. The firm plans to issue a perpetual bond with $1,000 face value, 8% annual coupon, and 8% yield to maturity. A total of 10,000 units of such bond will be issued. (Note: A perpetual bond is a bond with indefinite maturity (N = ?). Use perpetuity concept to evaluate a perpetual bond.) Funds raised from the bonds will be used to repurchase outstanding shares. The effective tax rate is 25% at the corporate level. According to the MM theory, what is the initial change in equity value upon the announcement of the debt for equity exchange? Calculate it. 2. Refer to Question 1. Suppose there is a sudden change in the capital market. All else equal, what would be the initial change in equity value if the YTM of the bond jumps to 8.25%? Calculate it.,Thank you. Please do provide some rationale for the work you've done - as much detail as you can so that I can explain the approach to the professor. Wendy,Thank you. I realize the calculations are in the cells. I was requesting an explanation of them and some more detail about why you calculated as you did - some discussion of the strategy you used is what I am requesting. Kindly get back to me sooner than you did.,Thanks - there are some slight errors per the professor - I submitted the assignment to him for review and he got back to me right away. Kindly see his comments in yellow highlighted text on the attached file.